Agriculture: Ornamental Horticulture, Part 4

Question 1: Discuss the following principles of landscape design: unity, balance, proportion, rhythm, focal point, and simplicity.

Answer 1: Unity (also called oneness) is achieved when the components of a landscape fit together to express one main idea or concept.Balance is the arrangement of components in a given space. Balance can either be symmetrical (i.e., formal) or asymmetrical (i.e., informal).Proportion is the relationship (in terms of size or dimension) of each component to each other and to the whole landscape. Rhythm (flow) is achieved when components are arranged or distributed in a given space in such a way that the resulting pattern creates a sense of motion. The repetition of colors, lines, textures, or forms can create rhythm in a landscape.Focal point (also called emphasis) is achieved by placing a contrasting component among the other components of the landscape. Simplicity is the ability to express one idea, theme, or concept without too much complexity or ornamentation.

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Question 2: Discuss the important steps in landscape planning.

Answer 2: Landscape planning requires the development of a plot plan (i.e. site map) that shows the location and size of all structures present on the lot, including driveways or walkways. Planning also requires a careful analysis of the site, to identify the natural conditions and other features that can influence the choice of plants and the overall design. Site analysis should include information on the local climate, the soil type, the location of utility structures, the architecture and orientation of the house, the existing vegetation, and the surrounding views. Another important step in planning is determining the needs or preferences of the owners; this information is critical in designing a landscape that is not only beautiful but also functional. Information about the site and the owner’s needs and preferences will serve as guidelines for choosing and placing plants.

Question 3: Discuss the principles of landscape construction.

Answer 3: Landscape construction involves hardscaping and softscaping. Hardscaping is the alteration of the ground plane (contour modification) or the flow of water (drainage construction), and the installation of structures like entrances, steps, paths, ramps, water bodies (e.g., ponds, waterfalls), terracing, fences, and barriers. Hardscaping requires knowledge of soil mechanics; soil water retention and movement; surface and subsurface drainage systems; equipment and techniques for contour modification; basic structural design; material selection, detailing and specifications for specific structures; estimation of costs; site preparation; and construction techniques and practices. Softscaping is the installation of plant materials, such as bedding plants, shrubs, trees, and turfgrass. Softscaping requires knowledge of plant materials, the site characteristics (climate, water availability, pest and disease problems in the area), and the owner specifications and preferences.

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