Career Development, Part 2

Question 1: Describe the theory of work adjustment (TWA).

Answer 1: The theory of work adjustment (TWA) emphasizes the relationship and psychological variables of the person and his work environment. Its basic premise is that for a job to be a good match in the long term, there must be a congruence or harmony between the person and his work environment. Important considerations are job satisfaction, personal compensation, work location, work conditions, and employer needs. Work adjustment is the process of the worker and the employer finding and maintaining a working relationship that is satisfactory to both. Factors that promote the long-term interest of the worker and stability of the relationship—such as advancement, achievement, security, and social status—are called reinforcers.

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Question 2: Describe the Ginzberg theory of occupational choice.

Answer 2: Eli Ginzberg, Sidney Axelrad, Sol Ginsburg, and John Herma developed the first theory of occupational choice organized from a developmental perspective. The Ginzberg theory is based on the assertion that career decision making is a process taking six or more years. The first phase begins in childhood and ends before age 11. The process ends in early adulthood sometime after age 17. The theory has three phases for this process: fantasy, tentative, and realistic:Fantasy (ending before age 11): A child begins to think about what he wants to do “when he grows up.” Play and imagination are sometimes oriented on work roles.Tentative (ages 11–17): A young person begins recognizing personal interests, abilities, and values, and considers them in relation to career choices and requirements.Realistic (age 17–early adulthood): A person narrows career choices and ultimately makes a decision.

Question 3: Describe the life-span, life-space approach to career choice..

Answer 3: The life-span, life-space approach to career choice, developed by Donald Super, describes career choice as a developmental process occurring throughout life. According to Super, people develop their career maturity and self-concept through the accomplishment of five developmental tasks, while going through five vocational developmental stages: growth, exploratory, establishment, maintenance, and decline. The five developmental tasks are crystallization, specification, implementation, stabilization, and consolidation. The theory suggests that people partly select careers to provide full self-expression based on their self-concept. Developmental tasks describe the basic elements of exploring vocational possibilities, making career choices, making plans and goals, completing training, beginning work, and establishing one’s self in a career.

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