Language and Literacy Development, Part 4
Question 1: Explain the characteristics of Kohlberg’s post-conventional stage of moral development.
Answer 1: The post-conventional stage of moral development consists of two levels. The first of the two levels is characterized by the belief that not everyone has the same opinions and values, and that they have that right and should be respected for such. Also, the viewpoint regarding laws changes from seeing them as edicts from the government to contracts that should promote the most good for the most people. This stage is the foundation for a democratic government. The last level of the post-conventional stage has its basis in universal principles of ethics. Laws are supposed to be fair and just. If they are not, then they should not be obeyed. Also, action is a result of mental considerations as to what should be done if you were the other fellow. This promotes the idea that actions are a result of understanding what is right and not just expected.
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Question 2: Discuss the organismic and comparative theory of Heinz Werner.
Answer 2: The organismic and comparative theory of Heinz Werner is based on the following principles:A. Orthogenic Principle: 1. Differentiation: cells become tissues, which become organs, which become systems. 2. Hierarchic integration: organs group together to form systems. 3. Growth: tissues, organs, and the individual change in size. 4. End state: final process of developmentB. Self-object Differentiation: separation of self from the environment in the following steps 1. Sensori-motor and affective level: little notice of surroundings 2. Perceptual level: surroundings are noticed but only as how they relate to self 3. Conceptual level: abstract reasoning and reacting to the environmentC. Microgenesis: problem-solving processD. Microgenetic Mobility: reversal of microgenesisE. Comparative Approach: comparison of differences in behaviorF. Organismic Orientation: looking at things as a wholeG. Interactionism: looking at the effects of multiple factorsH. Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: alternate stages of development of balance with surroundingsI. Critical Periods: weaning, resistance, and pubescence
Question 3: Explain Werner’s view of data processing.
Answer 3: First, Werner believed in the syncretic versus discrete processing of data. Syncretic is a connecting process. Examples of such linking can be seen in children’s perception of time. They do not see time as what is on the clock, but as events that take place, such as lunchtime. Another example of this linking has to do with children’s perception of space, which is tied up with emotions not in measurements or directions. Children develop the capability to construct an image in their mind. This is called eidetic imagery. They also refer to objects in a certain context, such as “Mommy’s car.” Physiognomic perception is the giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects. Synesthesia is the act of some occurrence creating an emotion, such as sad music. Werner saw language as a group of symbol formations that begin as an activity of body action. Pointing would be an example, as well as imitations of motors. Physiognomic symbols refer to changes in the volume and speed of the voice.
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