Overview, Part 2

Question 1: Discuss abuse liability.

Answer 1: Abuse liability is the propensity of a particular psychoactive substance to be susceptible to abuse, defined in terms of the relative probability that use of the substance will result in social, psychological, or physical problems for an individual or for society. A wide variety of prescription drugs, proprietary (OTC) drugs, and herbal and folk remedies may be involved. The particularly important groups are:(1) psychotropic drugs that do not produce dependence, such as antidepressants and neuroleptics;(2) laxatives (misuse of which is termed the laxative habit);(3) analgesics that may be purchased without medical prescription, such as aspirin and Tylenol (acetaminophen);(4) steroids and other hormones;(5) vitamins and(6) Antacids.These substances do not typically have pleasurable psychic effects, yet attempts to discourage or forbid their use are met with resistance. Despite the patient’s strong motivation to take the substance, neither the dependence syndrome nor the withdrawal syndrome develops. These substances do not have dependence potential in the sense of intrinsic pharmalogical effects, but are capable of inducing psychological dependence.

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Question 2: Discuss addiction.

Answer 2: Addiction is the repeated use of a psychoactive substance or substances to the extent that the user (referred to as an addict) is periodically or chronically intoxicated, shows a compulsion to take the preferred substance (or substances), has great difficulty in voluntarily ceasing or modifying substance use, and exhibits determination to obtain psychoactive substances by almost any means. Typically, tolerance is prominent and a withdrawal syndrome frequently occurs when substance use is interrupted. The life of the addict may be dominated by substance use to the virtual exclusion of all other activities and responsibilities. The term addiction also conveys the sense that such substance use has a detrimental effect on society, as well as on the individual; when applied to the use of alcohol, it is equivalent to alcoholism. Addiction is a term of long-standing and variable usage. It is regarded by many as a discrete disease entity, a debilitating disorder rooted in the pharmacological effects of the drug, which is remorselessly progressive. From the 1920s to the 1960s attempts were made to differentiate between addiction and habituation, a less severe form of psychological adaptation. In the 1960s the World Health Organization recommended that both terms be abandoned in favour of dependence, which can exist in various degrees of severity. Addiction is not a diagnostic term in ICD-10, but continues to be very widely employed by professionals and the general public alike.

Question 3: Define:Administration (drug), adverse drug reaction, drug related affective disorder.

Answer 3: Administration, method of Route or mode of administration: i.e. the way in which a substance is introduced into the body, such as oral ingestion, intravenous (IV), subcutaneous, or intramuscular injection, inhalation, smoking, or absorption through skin or mucosal surfaces, such as the gums, rectum, or genitalia. adverse drug reaction: In the general medical and pharmacological fields, denotes a toxic physical or (less commonly) psychological reaction to a therapeutic agent.The reaction may be predictable, or allergic or idiosyncratic (unpredictable).In the context of substance use, the term includes unpleasant psychological or physical reactions to drug taking. affective disorder, residual, alcohol- or drug-related: Alcohol- or drug-induced changes in affect that persist beyond the period during which a direct effect of the alcohol or drug might reasonably be assumed to be operating.

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