Physical Education, Part 11

Question 1: Discuss the affective objectives of physical education.

Answer 1: When physical educators refer to the affective objectives of their profession, they mean the changes in attitudes, beliefs, and social skills that they hope to accomplish. Indeed, one of the fundamental twentieth century ideas about physical education has been that it allows students to develop character without directly treating character issues. Physical education must be designed so that it enhances self-confidence, courtesy, fair play, honesty, and communication skills. One of the main social functions that sports fulfill is that they teach students how to win and lose with grace. Students learn how to express their emotions through physical activity. Group sports encourage students to improve their ability to lead, cooperate, follow orders, and make quick decisions.

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Question 2: Discuss prevention models of student participation.

Answer 2: Over the past decade, research has suggested that students do not respond favorably to deterrent or threat-based methods of motivation. Instead, teachers are encouraged to take steps to prevent bad behavior before it occurs. In physical education class, the easiest way to prevent students from getting into trouble is to keep them busy. Most research suggests that teachers are more successful at encouraging student participation when they expend their energy on creating an environment that is conducive to participation, rather than on asserting themselves as an authority figure. Indeed, much of this research considers teachers as if they were business managers, charged with improving classroom culture rather than administering discipline.

Question 3: Discuss some preventive strategies for physical educators.

Answer 3: There are a few easy ways that physical educators can establish an environment conducive to participation, and thereby reduce disciplinary problems. First, it is important to have a list of rulesand to establish a daily routine for the class. When students know exactly what they are supposed to be doing at any given time, they are less likely to misbehave. It is also important to minimize lecture time and maximize time in which students are performing some activity. Students will quickly become bored with listening to instructions, and will wander off-task. Finally, teachers can encourage participation by issuing positive reinforcement to students frequently, and making known their high expectations for the class.

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