Social Studies, Part 22

Question 1: Discuss the internal politics of the Republic.

Answer 1: Internal politics of the Republic were based on the conflict between two factions. The nationalist faction, led by Mirabeau B. Lamar advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans, and the expansion of Texas to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful coexistence with Native Americans. The first flag of the republic was the Burnet Flag (a gold star on an azure field), followed shortly thereafter by official adoption of the Lone Star Flag. The Republic received diplomatic recognition from the United States, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the Republic of Yucatán.

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Question 2: List some important people in the fields of science and medicine who are from Texas and list their specialty.

Answer 2: Denton Cooley (b. 1920), pioneering heart surgeon Michael E. DeBakey (b. 1908), pioneering heart surgeon Chu Ching-wu, physicist Robert Dennard (b. 1932), computer scientist.Bryce DeWitt, physicist, co-developed Wheeler-DeWitt equation (wave function of the Universe) Leonard Eugene Dickson, mathematician G.B. Halsted, mathematician M. King Hubbert (1903–1989), geophysicist Jack Kilby, electrical engineer Hermann Joseph Muller, geneticist, Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine Ilya Prigogine, physicist and chemist, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry John Tate, mathematician, Wolf Prize in Mathematics Beatrice Tinsley, astronomer Karen Uhlenbeck, mathematician, National Medal of Science Harry Vandiver, mathematician Steven Weinberg, Nobel Laureate in Physics Spencer Wells, geneticist and anthropologist John A. Wheeler, physicist, Wolf Prize in Physics, coined the term 'black hole'

Question 3: How did Texas achieve statehood?

Answer 3: On February 28, 1845, the U.S. Congress passed a bill that would authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas and on March 1 U.S. President John Tyler signed the bill. The legislation set the date for annexation for December 29 of the same year. On October 13 of the same year, a majority of voters in the Republic approved a proposed constitution that specifically endorsed slavery and the slave trade. This constitution was later accepted by the U.S. Congress, making Texas a U.S. state on the same day annexation took effect (therefore bypassing a territorial phase). One of the primary motivations for annexation was that the Texas government had incurred huge debts which the United States agreed to assume upon annexation. In the Compromise of 1850, in return for this assumption of $10 million of debt, a large portion of Texas-claimed territory, now parts of Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Wyoming, was ceded to the Federal government.

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