Visual and Performing Arts, Part 12

Question 1: Explain a modal interchange.

Answer 1: , Modal interchange is the use of an existing chord from a parallel, or of the same root, mode or scale, in which the particular chord is applied from the parallel key to the original key to replace the expected functions. It is also known as borrowed harmonies, mode mixture, or mixture. Chords of the natural and harmonic minor are often used in the parallel major scale. The borrowed chords have different tones from the original key signature that is present in the parallel mode. The major scale can be expanded when borrowing chords form the parallel minor, since the minor has three variant notes. Modal interchange can be used to add texture and simplify changes to closely related keys for the original parallel minor or major.

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Question 2: Define and describe ornamentation.

Answer 2: Through modification of music, ornamentation usually occurs through an addition of notes to create more beauty or greater effect or to showcase the dexterity and abilities of the individual performer. Ornamentation can be added through graces, variations of rhythm or sound, and elaborate pauses. Graces can refer to any additional notes written in typical musical figures, any shifts or amendments to the note-values in the music, and any changes as the result of dynamic, color, or pitch shifts. Examples of graces include appoggiatura, grace note, and mordent, while examples of variations can be arpeggio, rubato, and suspension. The elaborate pauses are called balancement, Messa di Voce, and vibrato. Accents, aspiration, Plainte, Quiebro, and Tour de gosier are other forms of ornamentation.

Question 3: Describe tremolo.

Answer 3: The tremolo refers to a repeating pitch or pattern that is quick and continuous. A rapid up-and-down movement with the bow on stringed instruments can be written with a horizontal wavy line or by drawing a long arc over the repeated notes of low metrical value. The shaft of the note can also be diagonally slashed three times to indicate the tremolo. Stringed instruments can also feature the tremolo through slightly articulated notes played in succession without changing the direction of the bow and can occur between two pitches that are connected with the wavy lines or long arc. Individual notes written out with fingerings listed below the notes on the staff are to be fingered instead of bowed for the tremolo.

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